E-ISSN 2636-8765 | ISSN 2146-9490
 
2021, Vol: 10, Issue: 2
10/2Current Issue Online First Archive Aims and Scope Abstracting & Indexing Most Accessed Articles Most Downloaded Articles Most Cited Articles
Required files to be uploaded

Authorship Declaration Form
Ethical Standarts Form

Review Article 


COGNITIVE BEHAVIORAL THERAPY IN CHILDREN AND ADOLESCENTS WITH ANXIETY DISORDER

Emel Karakaya, Didem Behice Öztop.

Abstract
Currently, Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) becomes one of the leading approaches in the psychotherapy. However, use of CBT in childhood psychotherapy is considerably novel. After 1990s, it has been understood that it is an effective method for children and adolescents. Anxiety disorders are one of the most common problems in the field of childhood and adolescent psychiatry. In the studies conducted, the effectiveness of CBT was demonstrated in anxiety disorders of the children and adolescents. Moreover, it was suggested that this effectiveness is permanent in some studies. Priority goal of CBT is to change inappropriate learning and thinking patterns in the children and adolescents. By “now and here” fashion, it is attempted to reveal the origin of current problems. During the process, the factors are considered, which cause to maintain the symptoms. It is attempted to decrease signs caused to stress by improving coping skills during therapy. To this end, methods including observation, relaxation training, systematic desensitization, social skills training, cognitive restructuring and exposure therapy are applied in sessions by taking child’s problems into consideration. Scales specific to anxiety disorders are used in the assessment and follow-up. Age and development level of the child should be particularly taken into account while using assessment tools and therapeutic modality.

Key words: anxiety, child, cognitive behavioral therapy


KAYGI BOZUKLUĞU OLAN ÇOCUK VE ERGENLERDE BİLİŞSEL DAVRANIŞÇI TERAPİ

Ozet
Bilişsel Davranışçı Terapiler (BDT) günümüzde psikoterapi alanında en önde gelen yaklaşımlardan birisi haline gelmiştir. Ancak BDT nin çocuk psikoterapisi alanında kullanılması oldukça yenidir. Çocuk ve ergenler için etkili bir yöntem olduğunun anlaşılması 1990 lı yıllardan sonra olmuştur. Anksiyete bozuklukları da çocuk ve ergen psikiyatrisinin en yaygın sorunlarından biridir. Yapılan çalışmalarda çocuk ve ergenlerde anksiyete bozukluğunun tedavisinde BDT nin etkinliğini kanıtlanmıştır. Üstelik bu çalışmaların bazılarında etkinliğin kalıcı olduğu belirtilmektedir. Anksiyete bozukluğu olan çocuk ve ergenlerde BDT nin öncelikli hedefi uygun olmayan öğrenme ve düşünme paternlerini değiştirmektir. Şimdi ve burada yaklaşımıyla şu anki problemlerin kökenleri anlaşılmaya çalışılır. Süreçte de semptomları devam ettiren etmenler üzerinde durulur. Tedavide başetme becerilerini arttırarak, stres yaratan belirtiler azaltılmaya çalışılır. Bu amaç doğrultusunda seanslarda; kendini izleme, gevşeme eğitimi, sistematik duyarsızlaştırma, sosyal beceri eğitimi, bilişsel yeniden yapılandırma, maruz bırakma yöntemleri çocuğun sıkıntıları göz önünde bulundurularak uygulanır. Değerlendirme ve takip için anksiyete bozukluklarına özgü ölçeklerden yararlanılır. Değerlendirme araçları ve tedavi yöntemi kullanılırken çocuğun yaş ve gelişim düzeyine özellikle dikkat etmek gerekir.

Anahtar Kelimeler: anksiyete, çocuk, bilişsel davranışçı terapi


 
ARTICLE TOOLS
Abstract
How to cite this articleHow to cite this article
Citation Tools
Related Records
 Articles by Emel Karakaya
Articles by Didem Behice Öztop
on Google
on Google Scholar

REFERENCES
1. Albayrak-Kaymak D (1987) Sýnav Kaygýsý Envanteri' nin Türkçe formunun oluþturulmasý ve güvenirliði. Psikoloji Dergisi, 6(21): 55-62.
2. Amerikan Psikiyatri Birliði (1994) Mental Bozukluklarýn Tanýsal ve Sayýmsal El Kitabý, dördüncü baský (DSM-IV) (Çev. Ed. E. Köroðlu) Hekimler Yayýn Birliði, Ankara, 1995.
3. Beidel DC, Turner SM (1998) Shy Children, Phobic Adults. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
4. Beidel DC, Turner SM, Morris TL (1995) A new inventory to assess childhood social anxiety and phobia: The social phobia and anxiety inventory for children. Psychol Assessment, 7: 73-79.
5. Berstein GA, Borchardt CM (1991) Anxiety disorders of childhood and adolescence: A critical review. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry, 30: 519-532.
6. Berstein GA, Borchardt CM, Perwien AR (1996) Anxiety disorders in children and adolescents: a review of the past 10 years. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry, 35: 1110-1119.
7. Birmaher B, Brent DA, Chiappetta L ve ark. (1999) Psychometric properties of the screen for child anxiety related emotional disorders (SCARED): A replication study. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry, 38: 1230-1236.
8. Bouchard S, Mendlowitz S, Coles MF ve ark. (2004) Considerations in use of exposure with children. Cogn Behav Pract, 11: 56-65.
9. Cartwright-Hatton S, Roberts C, Chitsabesan P ve ark. (2004) Systematic review of the efficacy of cognitive behaviour theraphies for childhood and adolescent anxiety disorders. Br J Clin Psychol, 43: 421-436.
10. Çakmakçý FK (2004) Çocuklarda anksiyete bozukluklarýný tarama ölçeði geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalýþmasý. Çocuk ve Gençlik Ruh Saðlýðý Dergisi, 11(2).
11. Demir T, Eralp Demir D, Uysal Ö (1998) Çocuklar Ãçin Sosyal Anksiyete Ölçeðinin Geçerlilik ve Güvenilirliði. 8. Çocuk ve Ergen Psikiyatrisi Kongresi. Sapanca.
12. Eisen AR, Silverman WK (1993) Should I relax or change my thoughts? A preliminary examination of cognitive theraphy, relaxation, and their combination with overanxious children. J Cogn Psychother, 1: 265-279.
13. Emiroðlu FN, Baykara B (2008) Yaygýn Anksiyete Bozukluðu, Panik Bozukluðu, Özgül Fobi, Sosyal fobi. Çocuk ve Ergen Psikiyatrisi Temel Kitabý. Editörler: F Çuhadaroðlu Çetin ve ark. Ankara: Hekimler Yayýn Birliði, 320-329.
14. Friedberg RD, Brelsford GM (2011) Core principles in cognitive therapy with youth. Child Adolesc Psychiatric Clin N Am, 20: 369-378.
15. Friedberg RD, Friedberg BA, Friedberg RJ (2001) Therapeutic Exercises for Children: Guided Self Discovery Through Cognitive Behavioral Techniques. Sarasotai FL: Professional Resource Press.
16. Friedberg RD, McClure JM (2002) Clinical Practice of Cognitive Therapy with Children and Adolescents. New York: The Guilford Press.
17. Ginsburg GS, Drake KL (2002) School-based treatment for anxious African-American adolescent: A controlled pilot study. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry, 41(7): 768-775.
18. Grave J, Blissett J (2004) Is cognitive behaviour therapy developmentally appropriate for young children? A critical review of the evidence. Clin Psychol Rev, 24: 399-420.
19. Hope DA, Heimberg RG (1993) Social Phobia and Social Anxiety.Clinical Handbook of Psychological Disorders. Editor: DH Barlow, New York: Guilford Press, 99-136.
20. James AACJ, Soler A, Weatherall RRW (2005) Cognitive behavioral theraphy for anxiety disorders in children and adolescents. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 4, No: CD004690.
21. Kashani JH, Orvaschel H (1990) A community study of anxiety in children and adolescents. Am J Psychiat, 147, 313-318.
22. Kendall PC (1994) Treating anxiety disorders in children: Results of a randomized clinical trial. J Consult Clin Psych, 62 (1): 100-110.
23. Kendall PC, Chansky TE, Kane MT ve ark. (1992) Anxiety Disorders in Youth: Cognitive Behavioral Interventions. Boston: Allyn ve Bacon.
24. La Greca AM, Dandes SK, Wick P ve ark. (1988) Development of the social anxiety scale for children: reliability and concurrent validity. J Clin Child Psychol, 17: 84-91.
25. La Greca AM, Stone WL (1993) Social anxiety scale for children-revised: factor structure and concurrent validity. J Clin Child Psychol, 22: 17-27.
26. Lerner J, Safren SA, Henin A ve ark. (1999) Differentiating anxious and depressive self statements in youth: Factor structure of the negative affect self statement questionnaire among youth referred to an anxiety disorder clinic. J Clin Child Psychol, 28: 82-93.
27. Lyneham HJ (2012) Children' s Anxiety Life Interference Scale: Parent form CALIS-P; CALIS-C Child form. Yayýnlanmamýþ Araþtýrma Raporu.
28. Manasis K (2004) Childhood anxiety disorders: Approach to intervention. Can Fam Physician, 50: 379-384.
29. March J (1997) MASC: Multidimensional Anxiety Scale for Children technical manuel. New York: Multi-healt Systems.
30. Nevo GA, Manassis K (2009) Outcomes for treated anxious children: A critical review of long term follow up studies. Depress Anxiety, 26(7): 650-660.
31. Ollendick TH (1983) Reliability and validity of the revised fear schedule for children (FSSC-R). Behav Res Ther, 21: 685-692.
32. Ollendick TH, Hovey LD (2009) Competencies for Treating Phobic and Anxiety Disorders in Children and Adolescents. Editors: Thomas J, Hersen M. Handbook of Clinical Psychology Competencies. New York: Springer Verlag.
33. Ollendick TH, Jarret MA, Grills-Taquechel AE ve ark. (2008) Comorbidity as a predictor and moderator of treatment outcome in youth with anxiety, affective, attention deficit/hiperactivity disorder, and oppositional/conduct disorders. Clin Psychol Rev, 28(8): 1447-1471.
34. Ollendick TH, Öst LG, Reuterskild L ve ark. (2010) Comorbidity in youth with specific phobias: Impact of comorbidity on treatment outcome and the impact of treatment on comorbid disorders. Behav Res Ther, 48: 827-831.
35. Öner N (1997) Türkiye' de Kullanýlan Psikolojik Testler. Boðaziçi Ãœniversitesi Yayýnlarý, 3. Basým, Ãstanbul.
36. Öner N (1990) Sýnav Kaygýsý Envanteri El Kitabý. Yöret Yayýnlarý, Ãstanbul.
37. Öner N, LeCompte A (1985) Süreksiz Durumluk/Sürekli Kaygý Envanteri El Kitabý. Boðaziçi Ãœniversitesi Yayýnlarý, Ãstanbul.
38. Padesky CA (1986) Cognitive theraphy approaches for treating depression and anxiety in children. Paper presented at the 2nd ýnternational conference on cognitive psychotheraphy, Umea,Sweden.
39. Padesky CA (1988) Intensive training series in cognitive therapy. Workshop series presented at Newport Beach, CA.
40. Piacentini J, Bergman RL, Chang S ve ark. (2011) Controlled comparison of family cognitive behavioral therapy and psychoeducation/relaxation training for child obsessive compulsive disorder. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry, 50: 1149-1161.
41. Quakley S, Coker S, Palmer K ve ark. (2003) Can children distinguish between thoughts and behaviours? Behav Cogn Psychoth, 31: 159-168.
42. Reynolds CR, Richmond BO (1985) Revised Children' s Manifest Anxiety Scale. Los Angeles: Western Psychological Services.
43. Russo MF, Beidel DC (1994) Comorbidity of childhood anxiety and externalizing disorders: Prevalence, associated characteristics, and validation issues. Clin Psychol Rev, 14(3): 199-221.
44. Sauter FM, Heyne D, Westenberg PM (2009) Cognitive Behaviour Therapy for Anxious Adolescents: Developmental Influences on Treatment Design and Delivery.
45. Seligman LD, Ollendick TH (2011) Cognitive behavioral therapy for anxiety disorders in youth. Child Adolesc Psychiatric Clin N Am, 20(2): 217-238.
46. Silverman WK, Kurtines WM (1996) Anxiety and Phobic Disorders: A Pragmatic Approach. New York: Plenum Press.
47. Sorias O (2008) Biliþsel davranýþçý terapi. Çocuk ve Ergen Psikiyatrisi Temel Kitabý. Editörler: F Çuhadaroðlu Çetin ve ark. Hekimler Yayýn Birliði, Ankara. 667-678.
48. Spielberger CS, Gorsuch RL, Lushene RE (1970) Manual for the State Trait Anxiety Inventory. Consulting Psychologists Press, Palo Alto.
49. Ãenol S (2007) Çocuk ve ergenlerde anksiyete bozukluklarý. Psikiyatri Temel Kitabý. Editör: E Köroðlu. Hekimler Yayýn Birliði, Ankara. 889-897.
50. Toren P, Eldar S, Cendorf D ve ark. (1999) The prevalence of mitral valve prolapse in children with anxiety disorders. J Psychiatr Res. Jul-Aug 33(4): 357-361.
51. Woody SR, Ollendick TH (2006) Technique Factors in Treating Anxiety. Principles of Therapeutic Change That Work. Editors: L Castonguay, LE Beutler, New York: Oxford University Press, s. 167-186.

How to Cite this Article
Pubmed Style

Emel Karakaya, Didem Behice Oztop. [COGNITIVE BEHAVIORAL THERAPY IN CHILDREN AND ADOLESCENTS WITH ANXIETY DISORDER]. JCBPR. 0; 0(0): -. Turkish.

Web Style

Emel Karakaya, Didem Behice Oztop. [COGNITIVE BEHAVIORAL THERAPY IN CHILDREN AND ADOLESCENTS WITH ANXIETY DISORDER]. http://www.jcbpr.org/?mno=24042 [Access: November 03, 2020]. Turkish.

AMA (American Medical Association) Style

Emel Karakaya, Didem Behice Oztop. [COGNITIVE BEHAVIORAL THERAPY IN CHILDREN AND ADOLESCENTS WITH ANXIETY DISORDER]. JCBPR. 0; 0(0): -. Turkish.


Vancouver/ICMJE Style

Emel Karakaya, Didem Behice Oztop. [COGNITIVE BEHAVIORAL THERAPY IN CHILDREN AND ADOLESCENTS WITH ANXIETY DISORDER]. JCBPR. (0), [cited November 03, 2020]; 0(0): -. Turkish.


Harvard Style

Emel Karakaya, Didem Behice Oztop (0) [COGNITIVE BEHAVIORAL THERAPY IN CHILDREN AND ADOLESCENTS WITH ANXIETY DISORDER]. JCBPR, 0 (0), -. Turkish.


Turabian Style

Emel Karakaya, Didem Behice Oztop. 0. [COGNITIVE BEHAVIORAL THERAPY IN CHILDREN AND ADOLESCENTS WITH ANXIETY DISORDER]. Journal of Cognitive-Behavioral Psychotherapy and Research, 0 (0), -. Turkish.


Chicago Style

Emel Karakaya, Didem Behice Oztop. "[COGNITIVE BEHAVIORAL THERAPY IN CHILDREN AND ADOLESCENTS WITH ANXIETY DISORDER]." Journal of Cognitive-Behavioral Psychotherapy and Research 0 (0), -. Turkish.


MLA (The Modern Language Association) Style

Emel Karakaya, Didem Behice Oztop. "[COGNITIVE BEHAVIORAL THERAPY IN CHILDREN AND ADOLESCENTS WITH ANXIETY DISORDER]." Journal of Cognitive-Behavioral Psychotherapy and Research 0.0 (0), -. Print.Turkish.


APA (American Psychological Association) Style

Emel Karakaya, Didem Behice Oztop (0) [COGNITIVE BEHAVIORAL THERAPY IN CHILDREN AND ADOLESCENTS WITH ANXIETY DISORDER]. Journal of Cognitive-Behavioral Psychotherapy and Research, 0 (0), -. Turkish.


Author Login Reviewer Login About Publisher Editorial Policies Peer Review Policy Editorial & Peer Review Process Author's Rights and Obligations Publication Ethics and Publication Malpractice Statement Conflict of Interest Policy Plagiarism Policy Protection of Research Participants (Statement On Human And Animal Rights) Privacy Policy Publication Ethics and Publication Malpractice Statement Corrections, Retractions & Expressions of Concern Self-Archiving Policies Statement of Informed Consent Advertising Policy Terms of Use License Information
This is an open access journal which means that all content is freely available without charge to the user or his/her institution. Users are allowed to read, download, copy, distribute, print, search, or link to the full texts of the articles in this journal without asking prior permission from the publisher or the author. This is in accordance with the Budapest Open Access Initiative (BOAI) definition of open access.
The articles in Journal of Cognitive-Behavioral Psychotherapy and Research are open access articles licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/) which permits unrestricted, non-commercial use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the work is properly cited.
Copyright © 2021 Journal of Cognitive-Behavioral Psychotherapy and Research All Rights Reserved. Subject to change without notice from or liability to Journal of Cognitive-Behavioral Psychotherapy and Research.
For best results, please use Internet Explorer or Google Chrome

Contact Information


İletişim / Contact 

Executive Editor: Ali Ercan Altınöz;

ercanaltinoz[@]gmail.com 

Secretary: Özge Yılmaz;

Address: İran Caddesi, Karum İş Merkezi, Numara 463  (6. kat) A Asansörü yanı, Çankaya, Ankara 

Cell: +90-544-224 26 01

bdpdernek[@]yandex.com